Bias sputtering is a useful technique to improve film purity and desirable features by applying a bias voltage to the substrate during the sputtering deposition process to create hard coatings and enhance the adhesion of thin films to the substrate.

Perovskite solar cells are a kind of solar cell that combines the structure of perovskite. This substance is often an organic-mineral hybrid of lead or tin halides. Perovskite materials such as methyl ammonium lead iodide are cheap and easy to make.

A Turbomolecular Vacuum Pump is necessary to create High Vacuum and Ultra-High Vacuum for advanced scientific and technological fields such as solar cells.

The grids used in TEM microscopes (TEM Grids) to place specimens are usually made of copper, a layer of plastic called a formvar and a thin film of carbon.

Back-plated sputtering targets display improved heat transfer from target to the cathode and extended the target life. Choosing the proper backing is important.

Leakage Detection is very important because any vacuum system may suffer leakages that prevents reaching the expected vacuum level to perform the required task.

DC self-bias is created in RF sputtering and can improve plasma ion collision on the target surface. Various factors, RF power, can affect DC self-bias voltage.

Working gas pressure during the magnetron sputtering deposition not only affects purity and quality of the layer, but plays an important role in transport of sputtered atoms to the substrate.

Reactive sputtering is a kind of sputter deposition, introducing reactive gases throughout the coating process to produce thin films of compounds with tailored features.

Coating the samples with the proper material is typically an essential step in sample preparation for electron microscopy imaging like SEM, FESEM, and TEM.

Reactive sputtering is a kind of sputter deposition, introducing reactive gases throughout the coating process to produce thin films of compounds with tailored features. Reactive sputter deposition has various applications in production of energy storage devices, hard and decorative coatings, and microelectronics.

Rotary vacuum pumps are positive displacement pumps that are widely used in different industries, pharmaceutical processes, vacuum coating systems, etc., to provide a mid-range vacuum environment.